You make granular activated carbon by following clear steps. First, you pick the best raw materials. Next, you do carbonization and activation. Then, you wash, dry, size, and pack the product. Picking good materials and the right activation method affects quality. Every step in making activated carbon helps you get good granular products.
주요 내용
Pick good raw materials like coconut shells or coal. This helps make better activated carbon.
Clean and dry the materials before using them. This makes the results more even.
Use the right binder to make the granules strong. The binder also helps make tiny holes in the granules.
Watch the temperature and time when heating the materials. This stops the product from getting ruined.
Wash the activated carbon after it is made. This gets rid of dirt and helps it work better.
Sort and size the carbon pieces. This makes sure the particles are spread out evenly for good filtering.
Pack the activated carbon the right way. This keeps it safe from water and dirt.
Check each batch to make sure it works well. This helps the activated carbon meet the needed standards.
Raw materials for activated carbon
Best materials
You have to pick the right raw materials to make activated carbon. The most used ones are coconut shells, coal, wood, peat, and soft biomass. Each one gives the final product different features.
Here is a table that shows the main types of raw materials for activated carbon and what they are like:
활성탄의 종류 | 기공 구조 | 경도 | 밀도 | 표면적 | 애쉬 콘텐츠 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
석탄 기반 활성탄 | 높음 | 높음 | Good | 보통 | |
Coconut shell activated carbon | Predominantly Microporous | 높음 | 높음 | Highest | 낮음 |
목재 기반 활성탄 | Mesopores and Macropores | Softer | Lower | Lower | 더 높음 |
Coconut shell activated carbon has the highest surface area and low ash content. This makes it great for cleaning water and air. Coal-based activated carbon is hard and dense, so it is good for factories. Wood-based activated carbon is softer and has more big pores, so it works well for removing bigger things.
You can also use nut shell activated carbon if you want something like coconut shell activated carbon. Nut shells give you a hard, microporous structure and good adsorption.
The amount and pore space of each raw material can be different. For example, wood-based activated carbon from tobacco rod waste can have a surface area over 1000 m²/g with the steam method. It can have a total pore volume of 0.8152 mL/g.
Material preparation
You need to get the raw materials ready before making activated carbon. First, clean and dry them. Take away dirt, stones, and other things that do not belong. For coconut shell activated carbon, break the shells into small pieces. For coal-based activated carbon, crush and screen the coal to get even sizes. For wood-based activated carbon, chip or shred the wood into small, even pieces.
Getting the materials ready helps you get the same results every time. Even particle size helps with carbonization and activation. Drying the materials lowers moisture and makes the next steps work better.
Tip: Always use clean and dry raw materials to make the best activated carbon.
Binder and pelletizing
You often need to add binders to help make granules or pellets before carbonization. Binders keep the particles together and make the final product stronger. The binder you pick changes how strong, porous, and adsorbing the activated carbon is.
Here is a table that lists common binders and what they do:
Type of Binder | Source/Example | Influence on Final Product |
|---|---|---|
Organic | Lignans, starch | Improves adhesion and density |
Synthetic | Polymers, polyvinyl alcohol | Affects compressibility and bonding ability |
By-products | Hardwood tars, corn syrup | Contributes to granule strength and quality |
Natural | Sugar beet molasses, wood byproducts | Improves mechanical strength and reactivity |
Waste-derived | Grape must, food industry waste | Eco-friendly option, potential for improved properties |
You can use organic binders like starch or lignans to help the particles stick and make them denser. Synthetic binders like polymers or polyvinyl alcohol help with pressing and bonding. By-products such as hardwood tars or corn syrup make the granules stronger and better. Natural binders like sugar beet molasses and wood byproducts make the granules stronger and more reactive. Waste-derived binders like grape must or food industry waste are good for the environment and may make the product better.
Binders are important for getting the right properties in activated carbon granules.
They change the pore structure and how well the product adsorbs.
The binder you choose depends on the raw material and what you want.
After you mix the binder with the raw material, you make pellets. Pelletizing shapes the material into even granules, which helps in carbonization and activation. This step is needed for making good coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, and wood-based activated carbon.
참고: Binders make activated carbon granules stronger and more porous. Pick the right binder for your raw materials to get the best activated carbon.
Carbonization steps
Equipment needed
You need special machines for carbonization. The main machine is a carbonization furnace. You can use a rotary kiln, a vertical furnace, or a fixed-bed furnace. These machines heat the raw material in a safe way. You also need a temperature controller to keep the heat steady. A gas supply system is needed if you use an inert gas like nitrogen. This stops the material from burning. You should have a cooling chamber to cool things down after carbonization. A dust collector keeps the area clean. Wear safety gear like gloves, goggles, and masks to protect yourself.
Common equipment for carbonization:
Carbonization furnace (rotary kiln, vertical, or fixed-bed)
Temperature controller
Gas supply system (for inert atmosphere)
Cooling chamber
Dust collector
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Temperature and time
You must watch the temperature and time during carbonization. The right settings depend on the raw material you use. If you use coal, set the temperature between 700°C and 950°C. For other materials, use 600°C to 900°C. The process takes a few hours. Heat the material slowly to remove water and gases. Then, keep the temperature steady to make strong carbon.
Here is a table to help you choose the right temperature:
Raw Material Type | |
|---|---|
석탄 | 700 – 950 |
General Material | 600 – 900 |
Temperature, time, and particle size affect carbonization. Too much heat or too much time can damage micropores. This makes your activated carbon less good. High burn-offs also waste money.
Tip: Always check the temperature and time carefully during carbonization. This helps you make high-quality granular activated carbon.
Safety tips
You must be careful during carbonization. The process uses high heat and can make gases. Always wear gloves, goggles, and a mask to stay safe. Make sure your workspace has fresh air. Activated carbon can take in oxygen, so you need good airflow. Store activated carbon in dry, cool containers. Keep it away from strong chemicals and sunlight. If you store it in hot places, it can catch fire.
Safety checklist for carbonization:
Wear gloves, goggles, and a mask
Work in a well-ventilated area
Avoid breathing dust or touching your face
Store activated carbon in dry, cool containers
Keep away from strong chemicals and sunlight
Follow standard chemical handling rules
Note: Good safety habits keep you safe and help you make better activated carbon.
Activation methods
There are different ways to activate carbon after carbonization. Each way changes the pore structure and surface area. It also changes how well the product can adsorb things. You must choose the right activation method for your raw material. The method you pick depends on what you want to adsorb.
신체 활성화
신체 활성화 uses heat and gases to make pores in carbon. This works for coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, wood-based activated carbon, and nut shell activated carbon. You can use this method for many types of activated carbon.
Steam activation
Steam activation is the most used physical activation method. You heat the carbonized material to high temperatures, between 800°C and 1000°C. Then, you pass steam or carbon dioxide over the hot material. The steam reacts with the carbon and makes pores. This increases the surface area and helps with adsorption.
Steam activation has two main steps: First, some carbon burns off and pores open. Second, the surface gets ready for better adsorption. The product has a high surface area and strong adsorption. Coconut shell activated carbon made this way has many micropores. This is good for cleaning water and air. Coal-based activated carbon and wood-based activated carbon also work with this method, but their pores can be different.
Equipment
You need special machines for physical activation. The main machine is an activation furnace. You can use a rotary kiln, a vertical furnace, or a multi-hearth furnace. You also need a steam generator or a carbon dioxide supply. Temperature controllers help keep the heat right. A gas flow system moves steam or CO₂ through the furnace. Safety gear is needed because the process uses high heat and steam.
Common equipment for steam activation:
Activation furnace (rotary kiln, vertical, or multi-hearth)
Steam generator or CO₂ supply
Temperature controller
Gas flow system
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Tip: Always check the temperature and steam flow. This helps you get the best pore structure and adsorption.
Chemical activation
Chemical activation uses chemicals to make pores in carbon. You mix the raw material with an activating agent before carbonization. This method works well for wood-based activated carbon and coconut shell activated carbon. It makes more mesopores and macropores. These help with adsorbing bigger molecules.
Activating agents
You can use different chemicals as activating agents. Each one changes the surface area and pore structure in its own way. Here is a table that shows some common activating agents and what they do:
Activating Agent | Structural Properties | Ash Content (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
ZnCl₂ | 546.61 | High micropore development | N/A |
KOH | N/A | Refined structure and morphology | 10.90 |
H₃PO₄ | N/A | Good for wood-based activated carbon | N/A |
KMnO₄ | N/A | Used for special surface chemistry | N/A |
Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) helps make many micropores. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) gives a refined structure and more ash. Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) works well for wood-based activated carbon. Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is used for special surface properties.
Procedure
You must follow several steps for chemical activation: First, pick and prepare the raw material. Clean and dry coconut shells or wood. Next, mix the raw material with the activating agent. Use the right amount for both. Then, heat the mixture to 400°C–500°C in an inert atmosphere. This is the carbonization step. Cool the product in an inert atmosphere. Wash the activated carbon with water or mild acid to remove leftover chemicals. Dry the product using air or an oven. Mill and sieve the activated carbon to get the right size.
Note: Always wash the product well after chemical activation. This removes chemical residues and makes the product safe for adsorption.
Thermal air oxidation (TAO)
Thermal air oxidation (TAO) is a newer way to activate carbon. You heat the carbonized material in air at high temperatures, usually 700°C–800°C. The process takes about 30–40 minutes. TAO increases the surface area and makes a narrow pore size. This method works well for walnut and almond charcoals. You can also use it for other materials.
Here is a table that shows how TAO changes activated carbon:
Process Parameter | Effect on Activated Carbon Properties |
|---|---|
TAO Duration (30–40 min) | Surface area increases up to 80 times |
표면적 | Can reach about 850 m²/g |
기공 크기 분포 | Narrow, peaked at 0.8–0.9 nm |
Material Type | Walnut/almond charcoals have highest adsorption |
Holding Time | Longer time lowers yield (from 29.6% to 19.4%) |
Oven Temperature (700–800°C) | Increases porosity, especially mesopores |
Steam Flow Rate | Raises oxygen content (from 2.77% to 3.26%) |
TAO gives you a product with high adsorption and controlled pores. You can use this method to make coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, and wood-based activated carbon with special features.
Comparing activation methods
You should look at the main activation methods before picking one. Each method gives you different pore structures and adsorption. Here is a table to help you see the differences:
활성화 방법 | 흡착 용량 | |
|---|---|---|
물리적 활성화 | Two stages: burning to open pores, then surface prep. | Depends on surface area, pore size, and surface groups |
화학적 활성화 | High temperatures (800–1000°C), heterogeneous reactions | Influenced by raw material and preparation conditions |
TAO | Short duration, high temperature, narrow pore distribution | High, especially for small molecules |
장점 and disadvantages:
활성화 방법 | 장점 | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
물리적 활성화 | Simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly, no chemicals, good control | May not make as many mesopores as chemical activation |
화학적 활성화 | Lower activation temperatures, more mesopores and macropores | Needs good washing, possible environmental risks |
TAO | Fast, makes narrow pore size, high adsorption for small molecules | May lower yield, needs careful control of time and temperature |
Physical activation is simple and does not use chemicals. It is better for the environment and costs less. You get good control over the pore structure and high adsorption.
Chemical activation uses lower temperatures. You get more mesopores and macropores, which help with bigger molecules. You must wash the product well to remove chemicals.
TAO is fast and gives a narrow pore size. You get high adsorption for small molecules. You must watch the time and temperature to keep the yield high.
Tip: Pick the activation method that matches your raw material and the type of adsorption you need.
With or without binder
You can activate carbon with or without a binder. Binders help shape the raw material into pellets or granules before carbonization and activation. If you use a binder, you get stronger granules and better strength. This is important for coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, and wood-based activated carbon. If you do not use a binder, you get more open pores, but the product may be weaker.
Use a binder if you want strong, even granules.
Skip the binder if you want more pores and higher adsorption, but be careful when handling.
Note: The choice to use a binder depends on your raw material and how you will use your activated carbon.
Now you know the main activation methods for making activated carbon. Each method changes the pore structure, surface area, and adsorption. You can use these methods for coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, wood-based activated carbon, and nut shell activated carbon. Pick the right method to get the best adsorption for your needs.
With or without binder
When you make granular activated carbon, you have to choose if you want to use a binder before activation. This choice changes how strong your product is and how well it adsorbs things. It also affects the pore structure. You should know how binders work with activation and how they change the properties of 활성탄.
What is a binder?
A binder is something that helps stick raw material particles together. You add it before activation to shape the material into pellets or granules. Binders can be organic, synthetic, or natural. People often use starch, lignin, or molasses as binders. Some manufacturers use synthetic binders like polyvinyl alcohol.
Why use a binder before activation?
Binders make the material easier to handle during activation. They help you form even pellets or granules. These shapes let you control the activation process better. You get stronger 활성탄 that does not break easily. Binders also help you get the same pore size and distribution each time.
How does activation work with a binder?
When you activate carbon with a binder, you heat the pellets or granules in a furnace. The binder keeps the particles together while activation opens the pores. You can use steam, chemicals, or thermal air oxidation for activation. The binder may burn away or react during activation, leaving a strong structure. You get 활성탄 with good strength and controlled pores.
What happens if you skip the binder before activation?
You can also activate raw material without a binder. You crush or grind the material and put it straight into the activation furnace. Activation without a binder gives you more open pores and higher surface area. You may get better adsorption for some uses. But the 활성탄 may be weaker and break apart more easily. You must handle it gently after activation.
Comparison Table: Activation With vs. Without Binder
기능 | With Binder Before Activation | Without Binder Before Activation |
|---|---|---|
기계적 강도 | 높음 | Lower |
기공 구조 | More uniform | More open, less controlled |
흡착 용량 | Good, consistent | Higher, but less predictable |
Handling | Easier | Needs gentle handling |
Activation Control | 더 나은 | Less control |
일반적인 애플리케이션 | Water treatment, air filters | Chemical adsorption, lab use |
When should you use a binder before activation?
You want 활성탄 for water treatment or air cleaning.
You need strong granules that do not break during use.
You want to control the activation process and pore structure.
You plan to use physical or chemical activation with pelletized material.
When should you skip the binder before activation?
You need 활성탄 with the most surface area.
You want more open pores for special adsorption jobs.
You do not need high strength.
You use activation methods that work well with loose material.
Tip: Always match your binder choice to your activation method and final use. If you use steam or chemical activation, binders help you get strong, even granules. If you use thermal air oxidation, you can skip the binder for higher adsorption.
How does activation change with binder type?
You must think about the binder type when planning activation. Organic binders burn away during activation and leave clean pores. Synthetic binders might leave stuff behind that affects adsorption. Natural binders often help with reactivity during activation. You should test different binders to see which works best for your material and method.
Steps for activation with binder:
Get raw material and binder ready.
Mix binder with raw material to make pellets or granules.
Dry the pellets before activation.
Put pellets in the activation furnace.
Use steam, chemicals, or air for activation.
Cool and wash the 활성탄.
Dry and sort the final product.
Steps for activation without binder:
Crush or grind raw material.
Dry the material before activation.
Put loose material in the activation furnace.
Use steam, chemicals, or air for activation.
Cool and wash the 활성탄.
Dry and sort the final product.
Note: Activation with or without binder changes the physical and chemical properties of your granular activated carbon. You should always test your product after activation to check strength, pore size, and adsorption.
Key points to remember:
Activation with binder gives you strong, even granules.
Activation without binder gives you higher surface area and more open pores.
Your choice depends on your use and activation method.
Always test your 활성탄 after activation to make sure it is good.
You control the final properties of your granular activated carbon by picking the right binder and activation method. You can make 활성탄 for water cleaning, air cleaning, or chemical adsorption. You must match your binder and activation process to your needs for the best results.
Washing and drying
Washing process
After activation, you must wash the granular activated carbon. This step takes out impurities. It helps your product work well in water cleaning. First, you add hydrochloric acid to the 활성탄. The acid breaks down salts and metal impurities. These things can block adsorption and make your product less good. Next, you rinse the acid-treated carbon with lots of water. This step washes away metals and leftover acid. Washing with water also lowers ash and makes the 활성탄 more pure. You keep rinsing until the water is clear and the pH is neutral. Acid washing not only cleans the carbon but also makes it safe for water cleaning jobs. This process helps you get 활성탄 ready for filtering and removing chemicals.
Tip: Always rinse with clean water. This makes sure the 활성탄 is free from bad chemicals and ready for water cleaning.
Drying process
After washing, you must dry the 활성탄. Drying is important because it keeps the pores safe. Pores help with adsorption. If you dry too fast or use too much heat, you can hurt the pores. This lowers the surface area and makes the carbon less able to adsorb things from water. Vacuum high temperature oven drying is best for keeping the pores safe. This method gives a bigger surface area and helps with adsorption. High temperature oven drying also works, but you must watch the heat. If you use vacuum freeze drying, the pores can collapse. This lowers the surface area and makes the carbon less good for water cleaning. Open-air drying and modified open-air drying can also hurt the pores and lower adsorption.
Pick a drying method that fits your needs. For most water cleaning, vacuum high temperature oven drying works best.
Equipment
You need the right tools for washing and drying. For washing, use acid-resistant tanks or vessels. These hold the 활성탄 while you add acid and water. You also need a filter to separate the washed carbon from the rinse water. A pH meter helps you know when washing is done. For drying, use a vacuum oven or a high temperature oven. These ovens let you control heat and pressure. This keeps the pores safe. Some setups use a vacuum pump to dry faster and keep adsorption high. You may also need trays or baskets to hold the carbon during drying.
Common equipment for washing and drying:
Acid-resistant washing tanks
Water supply and filtration system
pH meter
Vacuum oven or high temperature drying oven
Vacuum pump
Drying trays or baskets
Note: Using the right tools helps you make 활성탄 that works well for water cleaning and taking out chemicals.
Sizing and grading
Sizing equipment
You need to sort granular activated carbon by size. This helps it work well in water and air cleaning. Special machines help you do this job right. The US Standard Sieve System is used the most. It has many sieves with different holes. You pour the activated carbon on top and shake the stack. Each sieve catches a certain size of particle. The ASTM D2862 Standard also helps you check the sizes. This tells you how the carbon will work in filters and packed beds.
장비 유형 | 설명 | 적용 분야 |
|---|---|---|
US Standard Sieve System | Used to sort granular activated carbon by size. | Makes sure the product works well in many jobs. |
ASTM D2862 Standard | Shows how many different sizes are in the batch. | Changes how the carbon works in filters. |
Tip: Always use the right sieve system for even particle sizes. This stops problems like pressure changes and uneven cleaning.
Grading steps
You must follow steps to grade granular activated carbon. Grading makes sure every batch is the same. Here is a simple process you can use: First, crush high-grade coal to about 50 microns. Next, add a binder like coal tar or petroleum. Then, press the mix into briquettes with high pressure. Crush the briquettes to the size you want. Bake the carbon at up to 800 °F to take out bad gases. Heat the carbon to almost 1900 °F to activate it.
Each step helps you make granules with even pores. Pressing the mix spreads man-made pores inside each granule. This makes activation work better and gives more surface area. If you skip these steps and activate right away, only the outside gets high activity. This means the product does not work as well.
Note: Grading steps help you make activated carbon that works the same every time. Even granules clean better and last longer.
Quality checks
You need to test granular activated carbon after sorting and grading. Quality checks make sure your product is good and works well. You can use different tests and systems for this.
설명 | |
|---|---|
RSSCT | Tests how carbon works in small filters to guess how it will work in big ones. |
Triple-check QC system | Checks if the carbon meets all rules. |
Screening and de-dusting | Takes out ash and tiny pieces from the carbon. |
Acid washing | Cleans the carbon even more. |
Certificates of analysis | Sent with each batch to show it is good. |
RSSCT helps you know how the carbon will work in big filters. The triple-check QC system makes sure you meet all the rules. Screening and de-dusting take out ash and dust, making the product cleaner. Acid washing gives extra cleaning. You should always send certificates with each batch to show your product is good.
Always check your activated carbon before you send it out. Quality tests help you give a product that works well and lasts longer.
Granular activated carbon packaging
Packaging options
You have to pick the best packaging for your granular activated carbon. Good packaging keeps the product safe and fresh. It also stops moisture, air, and damage during shipping. Different packaging types protect the carbon in different ways and for different times. Here is a table that shows some common packaging choices and how they help:
Packaging Type | Impact on Shelf Life and Product Integrity |
|---|---|
Multi-layer, tear-resistant sacks | Prevents moisture ingress and contamination, enhancing shelf life. |
Sealed drums | Airtight liners help maintain product integrity. |
Robust outer corrugated cartons | Provides added protection during transport. |
Vacuum sealed | Extends shelf life by minimizing exposure to air. |
Wooden Box | Offers sturdy protection, maintaining product integrity. |
Customized options | Tailored to meet specific operational requirements. |
If you want your carbon to stay dry and clean, use multi-layer sacks or sealed drums. These keep out water and dust. Vacuum-sealed packaging is good if you need it to last longer. For heavy loads, wooden boxes and strong cartons give more protection. You can also get custom packaging to fit your needs.
Tip: Always choose packaging that fits how you store and move your product. This helps keep your activated carbon in great shape.
Storage
Storing granular activated carbon the right way keeps it working well. You must keep it away from things that can make it worse. Follow these steps to store it safely:
Keep the carbon in a cool, dry place with good air flow. This stops it from taking in water or bad gases.
Store it away from water, leaks, or humid places. Water can fill the pores and make it work less well.
Use covers or filters to keep out dust and dirt. Clean carbon works better and lasts longer.
Keep it far from fire and chemicals that can burn. Fire safety is very important with carbon.
If you follow these tips, your activated carbon will stay fresh and ready to use.
Note: Good storage keeps your carbon clean and strong for a long time.
Labeling
You should put clear labels on every package of granular activated carbon. Labels help you know what is inside and use it safely. Each label should show the product name, batch number, date made, and net weight. You can also add how to store it and safety warnings. If you have special types or blends, write that on the label too.
A good label helps you find the right product and not make mistakes. It also helps you check quality and keep track of batches.
Always read the label before using or moving your activated carbon. Clear labels help keep your work safe and organized.
Activated carbon manufacturing process tips
Process optimization
You can make better activated carbon by checking each step. Start with the best raw materials you can find. Good materials help you get more product and save money. Coconut shell activated carbon works well for strong granules and high adsorption. 석탄 기반 활성탄 and wood-based activated carbon are also good for cleaning water. Nut shell activated carbon is useful for special jobs.
To get the best results, watch the carbonization and activation steps. These steps make the pores and control how well it adsorbs. Use response surface methodology to pick the best chemical amounts and heat settings. This helps you get more product and spend less. Always check the time and temperature for each batch. Even small changes can make a big difference in how well it cleans water.
Pick good raw materials to get more product.
Change carbonization and activation for each material.
Use controls to keep your process steady.
Try different activation settings to get better adsorption.
Tip: Look at your data often. Small changes in heat or time can make your product better and save money.
Common mistakes
People sometimes make mistakes when making activated carbon. You can stop these problems by watching every step. One mistake is using raw materials that are too wet. Wet materials give you less product and make activation harder. Another mistake is not watching the carbonization temperature. If it gets too hot, you lose surface area and adsorption.
Some people do not wash the carbon after activation. This leaves ash and chemicals that hurt water cleaning. Others forget to sort and size the product. If the granules are not even, water does not flow right and cleaning is worse.
Do not use wet or dirty materials.
Always watch the heat during carbonization and activation.
Wash the carbon well after activation.
Sort and size the carbon for even water flow.
Do not skip quality checks before packing.
Note: Watch every step to stop mistakes. This keeps your activated carbon strong for cleaning water.
Quality control
You need good quality control to keep your process working well. Testing each batch makes sure your product is good for water cleaning and adsorption. Use these tests for coconut shell activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, and wood-based activated carbon:
설명 | Testing Procedure | Optimal Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
요오드 수 | Shows how well it adsorbs for water cleaning. | Mix iodine with carbon and test. | 900 to 1100 mg/g |
수분 함량 | Too much water makes it work less well. | Weigh before and after drying at 105°C. | < 5% |
Apparent Density | Changes how you use it in water filters. | Weigh in a set container. | 0.4 to 0.5 g/cm³ |
애쉬 콘텐츠 | Too much ash blocks adsorption. | Burn at 600°C and check what is left. | < 10% |
BET Surface Area | Bigger area means better adsorption. | Use nitrogen gas to test. | 800 to 1500 m²/g |
pH Value | Changes how it works with chemicals. | Mix with water and check pH. | 6 to 8 |
Abrasion Resistance | Shows if it stays strong after use. | Test with stress and weigh loss. | Minimal loss |
Test every batch before you pack it. This keeps your process steady and your product strong. Always check for water, ash, and surface area. These tests help you make good carbon for cleaning water and taking out chemicals.
Tip: Write down all your test results. This helps you make better carbon and give customers what they need for water cleaning and adsorption.
You can make good granular activated carbon if you follow each step. First, pick the right raw materials. This helps your product work better and be high quality. Next, use the best activation method for what you need. The table below shows how carbonization and activation change quality:
단계 | 설명 | Impact on Quality |
|---|---|---|
탄화 | Heating raw material in a safe place at less than 800 ºC. | Takes out bad stuff, makes it pure. |
활성화 | Heating char at 800-900 ºC with air, CO2, or steam. | Makes pores, helps with adsorption. |
You should also pick smaller particles and give enough time for each step. This helps you get better results. Always test your granular activated carbon. Make sure it meets rules for how much it can adsorb, how fast it works, and how pure it is. If you do these things, your granular activated carbon will work well every time.